this article is incomplete. currently, I am using this page to just collect papers which can enhance my claim.

papers

comparison

• [2510.26622] Encoder-Decoder or Decoder-Only? Revisiting Encoder-Decoder Large Language Model
• T5Gemma: A new collection of encoder-decoder Gemma models - Google Developers Blog

encoder-decoder design

• Layer-Wise Coordination between Encoder and Decoder for Neural Machine Translation
• [2501.16273v2] Return of the Encoder: Maximizing Parameter Efficiency for SLMs